At a glance
What is it—and why does it matter?
GHRP-1 is described as a seven–amino acid growth hormone-releasing peptide (a heptapeptide) within the GHRP group. Deconvolution-based analysis attributed the GH secretion increase under GHRP to larger secretory event amplitudes, without a statistically significant change in pulse frequency. Using whole-body autoradiography in rats following intravenous dosing of radiolabeled compounds, the authors observed stomach (glandular region) accumulation for NN703 and GHRP-6.
Sources for this introduction: [1] [2] [3]
This published profile is a reference in progress. Findings retain their source context; missing topics are marked below.
What is it?
A molecule, not a product name.
Identity
NN703 is described as a peptidomimetic derivative that traces back to GHRP-1 through the intermediate ipamorelin.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“NN703 is an orally active and selective growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) that was derived from growth hormone-releasing peptide-1(GHRP-1) via ipamorelin by a peptidomimetic approach”
Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? · Abstract
pubmed:11322495:25e9ccb0b49e:25e9ccb0b49e
Identity
Growth hormone–releasing peptides (GHRPs) are described as a group of small, synthetic peptide compounds.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“Growth hormone–releasing peptides (GHRPs) comprise a group of small synthetic peptides”
Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptides: Investigation of Their Secondary Structure, Thermal Stability, and Model Membrane Interactions · Abstract
doi:10.1002/chir.70083:1f9bb24d7963:1f9bb24d7963
Identity
GHRP-1 is identified in this study as the peptide sequence Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
Animal or laboratory findings do not establish benefit or safety in people.
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“In this study, the effects of a second generation GH-releasing peptide, Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2(GHRP-1), on cAMP, intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), and GH release were examined”
Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells. · Abstract
pubmed:8095015:5c0b03747edf:5c0b03747edf
Identity
GHRP-1 is described as a seven–amino acid growth hormone-releasing peptide (a heptapeptide) within the GHRP group.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are a series of hepta (GHRP-1)- and hexapeptides (GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin)”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. · Abstract
pubmed:9465289:bcf60fc7515d:bcf60fc7515d
Identity
GHRP-1 is a synthetic heptapeptide (seven–amino-acid peptide) that has been synthesized and is available for studies in humans.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“More recently, a heptapeptide, GHRP-1, and two other hexapeptides, GHRP-2 and Hexarelin, have been synthesized and are now available for human studies.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides. · Abstract
pubmed:9186261:593b8fb606b7:593b8fb606b7
How does it work?
Target, response, and disposition.
Mechanism
Based on the receptor evidence summarized, the abstract suggests a natural endogenous ligand resembling GHRPs may exist, though it remains undiscovered.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“This evidence strongly suggests the existence of a natural GHRP-like ligand which, however, has not yet been found.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. · Abstract
pubmed:9465289:bcf60fc7515d:bcf60fc7515d
Mechanism
ECD spectroscopy is described as a method that is inherently sensitive to peptide and protein secondary structure, enabling assessment of conformational features.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy, which is inherently sensitive to the secondary structure of peptides and proteins.”
Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptides: Investigation of Their Secondary Structure, Thermal Stability, and Model Membrane Interactions · Abstract
doi:10.1002/chir.70083:1f9bb24d7963:1f9bb24d7963
Mechanism
GHRPs are described as acting via specific receptors located at pituitary and/or hypothalamic levels, and this is stated for both animals and humans.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“act via specific receptors present either at the pituitary or the hypothalamic level both in animals and in humans.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides. · Abstract
pubmed:9186261:593b8fb606b7:593b8fb606b7
Mechanism
The abstract reports cloning of the GHRP receptor and notes it lacks sequence homology with other known G-protein–coupled receptors.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“The GHRP receptor has recently been cloned and it does not show sequence homology with other G-protein-coupled receptors known so far.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. · Abstract
pubmed:9465289:bcf60fc7515d:bcf60fc7515d
Mechanism
Deconvolution-based analysis attributed the GH secretion increase under GHRP to larger secretory event amplitudes, without a statistically significant change in pulse frequency.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“The increase in GH secretion after GHRP treatment was accounted for entirely by an increase in the amplitude of GH secretory events, as no significant increase in the number of GH secretory pulses was observed.”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Pharmacokinetics
Using a proportional hazards general linear regression model, onset of GH response was faster with IV GHRP compared with each oral dose condition.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“Intravenous GHRP had a more rapid onset of action than all doses of oral GHRP (P less than 0.02).”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Pharmacokinetics
Across administration routes and oral doses studied, the GH-response duration was reported as similar, with an average of 120-150 min.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“the duration of the GH response was similar for iv GHRP and all doses of oral GHRP, averaging 120-150 min.”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Pharmacokinetics
Using the study’s analytical workflow, six distinct urinary metabolites of GHRP-1 were identified.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“Six metabolites of GHRP‐1 were identified.”
Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP‐1, GHRP‐2, GHRP‐6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin · Abstract
doi:10.1002/dta.1787:87769914c102:87769914c102
Pharmacokinetics
Using whole-body autoradiography in rats following intravenous dosing of radiolabeled compounds, the authors observed stomach (glandular region) accumulation for NN703 and GHRP-6.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
Animal or laboratory findings do not establish benefit or safety in people.
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“When the disposition in rats of NN703 and GHRP-6 was studied using whole-body autoradiography following administration of an iv dose of radiolabeled material, we found that a substantial amount of these secretagogues accumulate in the glandular part of the stomach.”
Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? · Abstract
pubmed:11322495:25e9ccb0b49e:25e9ccb0b49e
Pharmacokinetics
In the urine analysis performed after administration, unchanged (parent) GHRP-1 was not detected.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“GHRP‐1 in the parent form was not detected.”
Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP‐1, GHRP‐2, GHRP‐6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin · Abstract
doi:10.1002/dta.1787:87769914c102:87769914c102
What has been studied?
What the evidence says.
Comparative evidence
For the lower oral doses tested (30 and 100 micrograms/kg), pairwise comparisons did not show statistically significant differences versus placebo in GH concentrations or estimated secretion rates.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“Pairwise comparisons revealed that increases in GH concentrations and secretion rates after the 30 and 100 micrograms/kg oral doses of GHRP were not significantly different from those after placebo.”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Study findings
Using a fluorescent Ca2+ indicator (fura-2), GHRP-1 was reported to raise intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) dose-dependently up to 45.5 nM +/- 5.6 nM.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
Animal or laboratory findings do not establish benefit or safety in people.
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“GHRP-1 dose dependently increased [Ca2+]i up to 45.5 nM +/- 5.6 nM.”
Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells. · Abstract
pubmed:8095015:5c0b03747edf:5c0b03747edf
Study findings
GHRPs are reported to stimulate (release) growth hormone, with effectiveness shown in both animal and human settings.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“that have been shown to be effective releasers of GH in animals and humans.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. · Abstract
pubmed:9465289:bcf60fc7515d:bcf60fc7515d
Study findings
Peak GH responses increased across the listed oral GHRP doses, with the highest mean peak GH reported after 1 micrograms/kg IV GHRP.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“Mean (+/- SE) peak GH concentrations were 4.0 +/- 1.5, 5.2 +/- 1.6, 9.2 +/- 3.3, 18 +/- 3.7, and 26 +/- 5.6 micrograms/L for placebo; 30, 100, and 300 micrograms/kg oral GHRP; and 1 micrograms/kg iv GHRP, respectively;”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Study findings
With prolonged administration, GHRPs are reported to increase insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in both animals and humans.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“prolonged administration of GHRPs increases IGF-1 levels both in animals and in humans.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides. · Abstract
pubmed:9186261:593b8fb606b7:593b8fb606b7
Study findings
In rat pituitary gland static monolayer cell cultures, GHRP-1 did not change cAMP levels under the tested conditions.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
Animal or laboratory findings do not establish benefit or safety in people.
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“while having no effect on cAMP levels.”
Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells. · Abstract
pubmed:8095015:5c0b03747edf:5c0b03747edf
Study findings
At the highest oral dose tested (300 micrograms/kg), GH responses were statistically greater than placebo and similar in magnitude to the response from 1 microgram/kg IV GHRP.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“The GH responses to oral GHRP (300 micrograms/kg) and iv GHRP (1 microgram/kg) were significantly greater than that to placebo (P less than 0.05) and were comparable in magnitude.”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Study findings
In rat pituitary gland static monolayer cell cultures, GHRP-1 produced a dose-dependent increase in GH secretion, reaching up to a 3-fold increase.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
Animal or laboratory findings do not establish benefit or safety in people.
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“It was found that GHRP-1 increased GH release in a dose-dependent manner up to 3-fold”
Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells. · Abstract
pubmed:8095015:5c0b03747edf:5c0b03747edf
Study findings
Using weighted least squares linear regression, the study reports a dose-response relationship: increasing oral GHRP doses progressively increased GH secretion.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“weighted least squares linear regression revealed that increasing doses of oral GHRP progressively stimulated GH secretion (P less than 0.005);”
Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. · Abstract
pubmed:1592884:1b70529977b1:1b70529977b1
Study findings
GHRPs are reported to potently stimulate secretion from somatotrope cells (growth hormone–secreting pituitary cells) in both animals and humans.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.
Exact passages, locators, and provenance
- supports · Source-backed record
“endowed with potent stimulatory effects on somatotrope secretion in animals and humans.”
Growth hormone-releasing peptides. · Abstract
pubmed:9186261:593b8fb606b7:593b8fb606b7
Risks and interactions
Risks, organized for scanning.
This profile does not yet contain a published summary for this topic. This is a coverage gap, not evidence that no research exists.
Products and regulatory status
Same ingredient. Different records.
This profile does not yet contain a published summary for this topic. This is a coverage gap, not evidence that no research exists.
Administration context
The practical clinical context.
This profile does not yet contain a published summary for this topic. This is a coverage gap, not evidence that no research exists.
Additional research & classification gaps
11 archived statements are kept separate from drug-effect findings. Media studies, economic models, methods, and records with unresolved scope are not used as medical-effect evidence.
Inspect contextual research (11)
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
2 cited passages across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
The abstract claims that oral dosing with GHRP-1 can elicit near-maximal GH release, implying strong GH secretagogue activity by the oral route.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- GH releasing peptides--structure and kinetics.
Particularly note-worthy is that GHRP-6, GHRP-1 AND GHRP-2 all release GH after oral administration.
- GH releasing peptides--structure and kinetics.
Near maximal amounts of GH can be released after GHRP-1 and GHRP-2 oral administration.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
In this source, GHRPs are described as small peptides that are orally active and stimulate increased endogenous GH production.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
These growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) are orally active and induce an increased production of endogenous growth hormone (GH).
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
GHRPs are man-made (synthetic) peptides that are not naturally occurring.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Growth hormone-releasing peptides.
Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are synthetic, non-natural peptides
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
The abstract specifies that, among metabolites, only the already characterised major GHRP-2 metabolite (D-Ala-D-2-naphthylAla-L-Ala) and a stable isotope-labelled analogue were synthesized and incorporated into the assay.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Only the already characterised major metabolite of GHRP-2 (D-Ala-D-2-naphthylAla-L-Ala, as well as its stable isotope-labelled analogue) was synthesised and implemented in the detection assay.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
The abstract indicates the LC–MS workflow is intended to support non-targeted, high-resolution full-scan MS and higher collision energy dissociation experiments to facilitate retrospective evaluation for unknown metabolites.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
The used method potentially enables the retrospective evaluation of the acquired data for unknown metabolites by means of a non-targeted approach with high-resolution/high-accuracy full-scan mass spectrometry with additional higher collision energy dissociation experiments.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
To address observed ECD phenomena, the study performed conformational searching and calculated ECD spectra using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) to clarify secondary-structure changes.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptides: Investigation of Their Secondary Structure, Thermal Stability, and Model Membrane Interactions
conformational search with subsequent ECD spectra calculation at the time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) level was performed to clarify the secondary structure changes.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
Despite stimulating growth hormone-related pathways, GHRPs are stated to lack structural homology with growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH).
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Growth hormone-releasing peptides.
They have no structural homology with GHRH
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
The abstract identifies the internal standards used for the LC–MS assay: a deuterium-labelled GHRP-4 and a GHRP-2 metabolite.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Two stable isotope-labelled internal standards were used (deuterium-labelled GHRP-4 and GHRP-2 metabolite).
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
NN703 is characterized as a selective compound that stimulates growth hormone release and is orally active, per the abstract’s description.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues?
NN703 is an orally active and selective growth hormone secretagogue (GHS)
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
The mechanistic basis for GHRP effects is described as not fully understood.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Growth hormone-releasing peptides.
The mechanisms underlying the GHRP effect are still unclear.
1 cited source · Study independence not established
How to read this evidence
Sources and study IDs describe provenance, not clinical strength. Several articles can report the same study; one study can support several distinct findings. No clinical strength rating has been assigned here.
1 cited passage across 1 source record. 1 publication group(s) lack a resolved study identity.
The abstract indicates GHRPs are structurally distinct from GHRH and signal via specific receptors located at either pituitary or hypothalamic sites.
Research context only—not evidence of a treatment effect.
- Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs.
GHRPs and their analogs have no structural homology with GHRH and act via specific receptors present at either the pituitary or the hypothalamic level.
Research status + gaps
What still needs better answers?
- No publishable claim yet for: administration, contraindication, interaction, regulatory, safety
- 88 compiled claim(s) withheld by automated assurance: assurance_score_below_0.58 (52), assurance_score_below_0.72 (27), current_regulatory_source_required (27), extraction_ambiguity (57), high_risk_requires_regulatory_or_two_independent_sources (35), no_direct_support (65), proposal_not_staged (1)
These are the limits of this profile, not an exhaustive list of scientific uncertainties.
References + discovery
Open the records yourself.
- Growth Hormone–Releasing Peptides: Investigation of Their Secondary Structure, Thermal Stability, and Model Membrane Interactions ↗
doi · published 2026-01-19 · retrieved 2026-09-04T19:33:44Z
- Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP‐1, GHRP‐2, GHRP‐6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin ↗
doi · published 2015-04-13 · retrieved 2026-09-09T18:02:25Z
- Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? ↗
pubmed · published 2001-02-01 · retrieved 2026-09-04T22:25:00Z
- Oral administration of growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptide stimulates GH secretion in normal men. ↗
pubmed · published 1992-06-01 · retrieved 2026-09-08T21:49:00Z
- Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRP) and their major metabolites in human urine for doping controls by means of liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. ↗
pubmed · published 2011-08-01 · retrieved 2026-09-09T18:02:24Z
- Mechanisms of action of a second generation growth hormone-releasing peptide (Ala-His-D-beta Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) in rat anterior pituitary cells. ↗
pubmed · published 1993-03-01 · retrieved 2026-09-09T18:02:25Z
- GH releasing peptides--structure and kinetics. ↗
pubmed · published 1993-01-01 · retrieved 2026-09-08T21:48:58Z
- Growth hormone-releasing peptides. ↗
pubmed · published 1997-05-01 · retrieved 2026-09-09T18:02:24Z
- Growth hormone-releasing peptides and their analogs. ↗
pubmed · published 1998-01-01 · retrieved 2026-09-04T19:33:44Z
Publication history and provenance
Version 2 · Automated assessment · 2026-09-09T18:02:25Z
2b24959e77e84e38ccee6e1d7d27b84bef76ba8b528104ab6ba38727a4f446a7