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GH C-terminal fragment

AOD-9604

Published evidence · coverage incomplete

Anatomy in the research

Anatomy evidence is still being assembled.

These are anatomical mentions in cited research—not established treatment targets or proof of benefit in people.

This publication has no anatomy passages that meet our source-linking checks yet. Read the available findings ↓

General anatomy view only. No peptide-specific structures are highlighted.

At a glance

What is it—and why does it matter?

AOD9604 is defined as a modified human growth hormone fragment spanning residues 177-191, with an added tyrosine at the peptide N-terminus. Analytical sensitivity reported for the validated urine method: limit of detection (LOD) 50 pg/mL. Following 14 d of chronic intraperitoneal dosing in obese mice, AOD9604 is reported to reduce both body weight and body fat. Serum metabolite quantification identified a single metabolite with the amino-acid sequence CRSVEGSCG.

Sources for this introduction: [1] [2] [3] [4]

This published profile is a reference in progress. Findings retain their source context; missing topics are marked below.

What is it?

A molecule, not a product name.

Identity

AOD9604 is described as a lipolytic peptide fragment derived by synthesis from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone.

Sources[1]pubmedThe effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.Both human GH (hGH) and a lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) synthesized from its C-terminus
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “Both human GH (hGH) and a lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) synthesized from its C-terminus”

    The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. · Abstract

    pubmed:11713213:1a295b7c64a0:1a295b7c64a0

Identity

In this review’s terminology, AOD-9604 is labeled as “anti-obesity drug 9604,” indicating the acronym is being used as a name for that compound.

Sources[5]pubmedSafety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance.AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604)
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604)”

    Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. · Abstract

    pubmed:41966639:9547b381c1d2:9547b381c1d2

Identity

In this source, AOD-9604 is categorized among growth hormone secretagogues (agents grouped by their growth-hormone–releasing activity).

Sources[4]pubmedTherapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “growth hormone secretagogues like ipamorelin, CJC-1295, tesamorelin, sermorelin, and AOD-9604”

    Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. · Abstract

    pubmed:41490200:ea14d075ddfc:ea14d075ddfc

Identity

AOD-9604 is characterized as a fragment derived from human growth hormone.

Sources[2]pubmedObesity drugs in clinical development.(iv) a human growth hormone fragment (AOD-9604)
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “(iv) a human growth hormone fragment (AOD-9604)”

    Obesity drugs in clinical development. · Abstract

    pubmed:16625817:20acda6316f1:20acda6316f1

Identity

AOD9604 is defined as a modified human growth hormone fragment spanning residues 177-191, with an added tyrosine at the peptide N-terminus.

Sources[3]pubmedDetection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.AOD9604 is a peptide consisting of the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone from amino acids 177-191 with an additional tyrosine residue at the N-terminus of the peptide.
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “AOD9604 is a peptide consisting of the C-terminal fragment of human growth hormone from amino acids 177-191 with an additional tyrosine residue at the N-terminus of the peptide.”

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. · Abstract

    pubmed:25208511:88a18144a0c0:88a18144a0c0

How does it work?

Target, response, and disposition.

Mechanism

The abstract reports that AOD9604 increases suppressed beta(3)-AR RNA expression in obese mice up to levels comparable to those seen in lean mice.

Sources[1]pubmedThe effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.both hGH and AOD9604 are capable of increasing the repressed levels of beta(3)-AR RNA in obese mice to levels comparable with those in lean mice.
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “both hGH and AOD9604 are capable of increasing the repressed levels of beta(3)-AR RNA in obese mice to levels comparable with those in lean mice.”

    The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. · Abstract

    pubmed:11713213:1a295b7c64a0:1a295b7c64a0

Mechanism

Analytical sensitivity reported for the validated urine method: limit of detection (LOD) 50 pg/mL.

Sources[3]pubmedDetection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.with a limit of detection of 50 pg/mL.
Reported result
limit of detection 50 pg/mL
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “with a limit of detection of 50 pg/mL.”

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. · Abstract

    pubmed:25208511:88a18144a0c0:88a18144a0c0

Mechanism

For anti-doping detection, the abstract states a urine solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was validated to detect AOD9604 abuse in athletes.

Sources[3]pubmedDetection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.To detect abuse of the peptide in athletes, a solid-phase extraction method was validated in urine
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “To detect abuse of the peptide in athletes, a solid-phase extraction method was validated in urine”

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. · Abstract

    pubmed:25208511:88a18144a0c0:88a18144a0c0

Pharmacokinetics

Serum metabolite quantification identified a single metabolite with the amino-acid sequence CRSVEGSCG.

Sources[3]pubmedDetection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.Quantification of the metabolites in serum identified a single metabolite, consisting of amino acids CRSVEGSCG,
Reported result
single metabolite: CRSVEGSCG
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “Quantification of the metabolites in serum identified a single metabolite, consisting of amino acids CRSVEGSCG,”

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. · Abstract

    pubmed:25208511:88a18144a0c0:88a18144a0c0

What has been studied?

What the evidence says.

Study findings

The abstract reports that even without beta(3)-AR, AOD9604 can acutely increase whole-body energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

Sources[1]pubmedThe effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.in an acute experiment, AOD9604 was capable of increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation in the beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “in an acute experiment, AOD9604 was capable of increasing energy expenditure and fat oxidation in the beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.”

    The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. · Abstract

    pubmed:11713213:1a295b7c64a0:1a295b7c64a0

Study findings

The abstract reports online availability of AOD9604 on multiple Internet websites.

Sources[3]pubmedDetection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604.The peptide is available on several Internet websites
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “The peptide is available on several Internet websites”

    Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. · Abstract

    pubmed:25208511:88a18144a0c0:88a18144a0c0

Study findings

Following 14 d of chronic intraperitoneal dosing in obese mice, AOD9604 is reported to reduce both body weight and body fat.

Sources[1]pubmedThe effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice.hGH and AOD9604 can reduce body weight and body fat in obese mice following 14 d of chronic ip administration.
Source records
1
Independent studies
1

Evidence boundary: Applies only to the source-defined population, formulation, dose, and assessment period.

Exact passages, locators, and provenance
  1. supports · Source-backed record
    “hGH and AOD9604 can reduce body weight and body fat in obese mice following 14 d of chronic ip administration.”

    The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. · Abstract

    pubmed:11713213:1a295b7c64a0:1a295b7c64a0

Risks and interactions

Risks, organized for scanning.

This profile does not yet contain a published summary for this topic. This is a coverage gap, not evidence that no research exists.

Products and regulatory status

Same ingredient. Different records.

This profile does not yet contain a published summary for this topic. This is a coverage gap, not evidence that no research exists.

Administration context

The practical clinical context.

This profile does not yet contain a published summary for this topic. This is a coverage gap, not evidence that no research exists.

Research status + gaps

What still needs better answers?

  • No publishable claim yet for: administration, contraindication, interaction, regulatory, safety
  • 21 compiled claim(s) withheld by automated assurance: assurance_score_below_0.58 (16), assurance_score_below_0.72 (3), current_regulatory_source_required (4), extraction_ambiguity (22), high_risk_requires_regulatory_or_two_independent_sources (4), no_direct_support (19)

These are the limits of this profile, not an exhaustive list of scientific uncertainties.

References + discovery

Open the records yourself.

  1. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. ↗

    pubmed · published 2001-12-01 · retrieved 2026-09-04T19:10:24Z

  2. Obesity drugs in clinical development. ↗

    pubmed · published 2006-04-01 · retrieved 2026-09-09T21:21:58Z

  3. Detection and in vitro metabolism of AOD9604. ↗

    pubmed · published 2015-01-01 · retrieved 2026-09-09T18:01:43Z

  4. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions. ↗

    pubmed · published 2026-01-01 · retrieved 2026-08-25T22:43:25Z

  5. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. ↗

    pubmed · published 2026-08-01 · retrieved 2026-08-17T23:10:15Z

Publication history and provenance

Version 1 · Automated assessment · 2026-09-09T21:21:58Z

79f3f14f76e378f85d970b6a642dcb6be81c3a70bddffcb59e761f1d9e914952